On Verbal and Non-verbal Communication Essay Example for Free

On Verbal and Non-verbal Communication Essay It is nevertheless human instinct to attempt to comprehend someone else. It typical for individuals to attempt to decipher another people activities or words. Deciphering these sorts of correspondence implies is be that as it may, troublesome. Each has its own specific manner to be deciphered. Non verbal correspondence is when individual uses not his lips and voice while handing-off data to someone else. It is alludes to activities signals or developments an individual does so as to make an impression on someone else. As a rule, this sort of correspondence is used when meeting another person. Since a lot of discourse appear to be unseemly in first gatherings, individuals will in general signal through outward appearance, arm developments, or even in essence motions. Consequently, individuals decipher this in an unexpected way, by means of signs, dissimilar to when the words are verbally expressed (Brunswick Piscataway, 2009). Then again, verbal correspondence depends on the lips or mouth motions just as the voice of the individual who expressed the words or articulated the data. To some verbal correspondence is progressively dependable as individuals are given the specific data should have been gotten. Be that as it may, there is a propensity for individuals to lie. In this way, there are the individuals who tune in to verbal expressions while simultaneously keeping watch of non-verbal signals. This focuses deciphering verbal correspondence might be exacting or based also to the activities and outward appearance that join the words (Brunswick Piscataway, 2009). It might subsequently be inferred that every sort of correspondence is deciphered in an unexpected way. Verbal correspondence sends strict implications now and again, while non-verbal correspondence is here and there ambiguous. There isn't careful approach to point which tells all the more precisely, be that as it may whenever consolidated the message will be passed on simpler and quicker. Both are likewise progressively reliable whenever done one next to the other. The motions bolster the words and the words bolster all the activities.. While the statement demands that activity expresses stronger than words, realizing the nature man, it is still better to depend in the two words and activities for a more clear translation. References Brunswick Piscataway. (2009). Social Perception: How we come to Understand People. Social Psych Lecture. Rutgers University.

Argentina Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argentina Project - Essay Example Gross domestic product of Argentina (2005 - 2010) Year GDP per capita (consistent 2000 US$) 2005 8097.418686 2006 8097.418686 2007 8699.009376 2008 9359.588686 2009 9893.811398 2010 9880.474096 Source: World Databank, 2011 World Databank 2011 The above information gathered from the World Databank gives us the GDP of Argentina from 2005 to 2010. The expansion in the GDP shows that the economy is growing. Anyway we should likewise observe the value level and the expansion of the nation. A portion of the record used to quantify the value levels are GDP deflators and the Consumer Price Index. The accompanying figure shows the value level of Argentina dependent on the two markers. Markers for Inflation (2005-2010) Year Inflation, GDP deflator (yearly %) Consumer value list (2005 = 100)  2005 8.840489896 100.00 2006 13.42627796 110.90 2007 14.25823933 120.70 2008 19.06845032 131.06 2009 9.977458276 139.28 Source: World Databank 2011 The information gathered from the World Databank gives us an understanding into the expansion predominant in Argentina. At first, the GDP deflator shows that the Real GDP developed more slow than the ostensible GDP which implies the value level rose in that period. Anyway the GDP deflator diminished forcefully in 2009. The Consumer Price Index shows a consistent ascent in the period from 2005 to 2009. We will likewise consider the Unemployment Rate of Argentina. The pattern of expansion has additionally been exhibited by the GDP deflator bend in the accompanying graph... World Databank 2011 The Consumer Price Index number shows an expansion after some time. World Databank 2011 The pattern affirms that however the shopper value list has developed consistently across time, the GDP deflator encountered an unexpected drop in 2009. Joblessness The connection among expansion and joblessness is contrarily relative. As indicated by the hypothesis of Phillip’s Curve, a nation encounters a drop in joblessness with an ascent in expansion. We will investigate the joblessness paces of the nation in the comparing years. Joblessness Rate of Argentina (2006 - 2010) Year Unemployment Rate Change 2005 14.8 - 14.45% 2006 11.6 - 21.62% 2007 8.7 - 25% 2008 8.5 - 2% 2009 7.9 - 2.06% 2010 8.7 10.13%  (Indexmundi, 2011; World Databank, 2011) The joblessness rate shows a diminishing throughout the years 2005 to 2010. This demonstrates the nation performing admirably as far as work to their resident. (Indexmundi, 2011; World Databank, 2011) Therefore we see that in Argentina swelling and joblessness follows a reverse connection which affirms the hypothesis of Phillip’s Curve. Fiscal Supply of Argentina An ascent in the cash flexibly will prompt an ascent in the interest for resources. An expansion in cash flexibly changes the harmony between loan cost and cash gracefully in the market. The excess cash holding of the individuals will be used to buy resources. As countless individuals contend to buy resources, there will be a lack of advantages. Thus there will be a change of the loan fee of the advantages. The loan cost of the benefits will fall at where individuals are happy to buy less number of advantages. By then they will hold greater liquidity. Along these lines another harmony will be set up. Along these lines there exists a reverse connection between cash flexibly and financing cost, at a consistent cost

Public Relation(Marketing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Open Relation(Marketing) - Essay Example The regularly lessening turn-out in decisions for the European Parliament - it fell in everything except three part states during the ongoing Euro races - is only one smooth articulation of well known alienation and lack of concern towards the EU (Clegg, 2003, p.5). The focal point of the current article is the impression of British residents of 50 of European Union and related organizations. The across the country EU inquire about, directed in summer 2006, contained 1,347 people of British citizenship, 45% of whom were individuals more than 50 (Eurobarometer 65). As the report holds, the British are known for their run of the mill answers 'I couldn't care less' and 'I don't have a clue', however residents more than 50 have explicit position. For example, when gotten some information about their feeling concerning the EU enrollment, 50 percent of respondents addressed 'It is a smart thought', 16 percent thought that it was unsatisfactory, while there were 34 percent, who were only unconscious of current policy driven issues. Concerning seniors, the enormous level of individuals more than 50 (30 percent) see EU participation as issue and don't bolster it, and just 23 percent considered the thought sound and sensible. All things considered, there are 47% of impassive (or ineffectively educated) residents, most of who are matured more than 65 and who are at present not capab le of following all news communicates. By the by, the overview proposes that the circumstance has improved contrasting with 46-percent ignorance in summer 2005 (Eurobarometer 63). Then again, the related elements among seniors is more slow - while in 2005, the level of aloof or uninformed residents matured more than 50 was 49%, the ongoing exploration shows just 2-percent decline. This reality is clear and reasonable: the review was taken part by different age gatherings and social classes - from understudies to specialists, and the normal increment of training level is actually what the examination has estimated. Then again, residents more than 50 are less spurred as far as political requests, so they are probably going to remain either ignorant or uninterested. The specific level of ignorant residents is 12 percent: What is additionally reassuring to note is that lone 125 of the UK survey say that they know nothing at about the European Union contrasted and 18 percent a year back. There is an invite decrease in the negative part of the UK information. A year back, 28% of UK residents said they never searched for data on the EU. It has now diminished somewhat, however altogether, to 23% (Eurobarometer 65, p.3). Then again, White et al features that this positive advance forward is being finished by the populace under 45, while the improvement of cognizance in residents more than 50 has been in condition of stagnation for a long time. For example, just 8 percent of British seniors made endeavors to discover progressively broad data about the EU (White, 2006), and their number has delighted in just 1,5 percent expansion in the course of the most recent year. Prior research (Lafferty, 2004) presents certain intended interest group for intellectual impact, and classified the UK populace by age and sexual orientation. Female understudies from 23 to 28 turned out the most discerning and touchy as far as ongoing data battles, run by the EU. Individuals more than 50 are viewed as neither persuasive (for example they are not capable and not inspired to convince their environmental factors) not delicate to new data. Lafferty shows that the regular profile of a UK resident more than 50 is following: an individual intrigued by local news and worried about administrative

Men, Women, and the Willful Misinterpretation of Female Speech - Literature Essay Samples

Female speech in Jane Austens novels is heavily dictated by the whims of her male characters, and although [f]emale speech is never entirely repressed in Austens fiction, [it] is dictated so as to mirror or otherwise reassure masculine desire (Johnson 37). However, there are times when women stray from the gendered rules of speech and, in expressing their opinions, threaten male control over discourse. In these situations men resort to either willful misinterpretation or forced silence in order to draw women back into their verbal control. Mary Crawford and Elizabeth Bennet are two of Austens more dynamic threats to male control over discourse, but even the meek and modest Fanny Price can become a threat by departing from the gendered rules of speech. When she refuses Henrys proposal, Sir Thomas is stunned, having [expected] from Fanny [a] cheerful readiness to be guidedŠ Her resistance implies an assumption of self-responsibility that challenges his authority (Johnson 104).M ary and Elizabeth are atypical of Austens female characters in that their freedom of speech means that they do not need men to educate them or to form their opinions. Other heroines, such as Catherine Morland, are lost without a man to guide them. Without Henry Tilney to point out the natural beauty of Northanger Abbey, Catherine should not know what was picturesque when she saw it (NA 141). But Mary and Elizabeth are firm in both forming their own opinions and then expressing them. They are aware of and comfortable with their freedom of speech. Mary, when faced with Edmunds disapproval of her flagrant speeches about morality and the church, counters with, I am a very matter of fact, plain spoken being, and may blunder on the borders of a repartee for half an hour together without striking it out (MP 84). Mrs. Bennet attempts to chastise Elizabeth for expressing her disapproval of Darcy, but Elizabeth refuses to be silenced: What is Mr. Darcy to me, pray, that I should be afra id of him? I am sure we owe him no such particular civility as to be obliged to say nothing he may not like to hear (PP 76). However, men find ways to force women like Mary and Elizabeth back into the framework of female speech. One way men overcome the threat of verbal rebellion is by willfully misinterpreting what women say. This allows the men to co-opt womens voices and turn the women into modest and pliable mates. Although critic Claudia Johnson argues that women retain the right of refusal despite other limitations to their words and actions (36), men can invalidate that right by simply refusing to accept it. The two most salient examples of men undermining the right of female refusal are in the marriage proposals of Mr. Collins and Henry Crawford. Collins insists on receiving Elizabeths rejection as a type of marital foreplay, and he dismisses Elizabeths rejection by asserting his thorough comprehension of the female sex. He explains Elizabeths behavior to her as typi cal of those young ladies [who] reject the addresses of the man whom they secretly mean to accept, when he first applies for their favor (PP 82). Collins reasons that Elizabeth has no choice but to accept his proposal; she is, after all, at his mercy once her father dies and the Bennet estate becomes his. Collins also argues the point on what he sees as the quintessential female anxiety: that she will never be so lucky as to receive another marriage proposal. (Unfortunately, Charlotte Lucas proves the validity of this argument by marrying Collins because she sees this marriage as the only alternative to spinsterhood.) With all of this evidence, Collins says, I must therefore conclude that you are not serious in your rejection of me, I shall chuse to attribute it to your wish of increasing my love by suspense, according to the usual practice of elegant females (PP 83). Elizabeths protestations mean nothing because Collins cannot conceive of a woman who would act outside of the g endered rules of speech. He interprets her words as a mirror that reflects back at him his desire for marriage, and he projects his feelings onto Elizabeth.Henry Crawford accepts Fannys refusal much in the same vein, although he does not attribute her refusal to flirting but rather to an excess of modesty that prevents her from accepting him until he has applied to Sir Thomas. Crawford then becomes a background figure while Sir Thomas attempts to convince Fanny that she, like Elizabeth, is simply playing the role of the lovestruck and (unlike Elizabeth) modest female by refusing Crawford: I know he spoke to you yesterday, and (as far as I understand), received as much encouragement to proceed as a well-judging young woman could permit herself to give (MP 284). Sir Thomas acts on Crawfords interpretation of Fannys refusal. Rather than accepting the blow to his ego, Crawford projects his feelings onto Fanny the same way that Collins does to Elizabeth. Fanny, he reasons, is hamper ed in her acceptance of his proposal only because she has allowed her excessive modesty to overcome her true desires. And even once Sir Thomas accepts that Fanny has‹or, rather, believes she has‹reservations about marrying Crawford, he insists that she [does] not quite know [her] own feelings (MP 286). From both instances one gets the distinct sense that what these men are doing is attempting to show that men make better women than women‹much as Henry Tilney does by flaunting his knowledge of novels and fabrics‹for only men can truly understand what women want. But oftentimes men are not satisfied with just willfully misinterpreting what women say; there is a dependence of certain kinds of masculine discourse on feminine silence (Johnson 112). Edmund is horrified at Mary Crawfords blunted delicacy (MP 416) and her almost masculine lack of restraint when it comes to the subject of sex and relationships. She has no reluctance, no horror, no feminine‹shall I sa y? no modest loathings! (MP 415). Marys willingness to speak her mind is very similar to Elizabeths, yet Mary is punished with banishment from Mansfield Park, whereas Elizabeth is rewarded with Darcys love. But Mansfield Park is the epitome of female imprisonment, where female speech is curtailed from childhood on. Indeed, the Bertram sisters education consists of learning [to repress] all the flow of their spirits before [Sir Thomas] (MP 16).Elizabeth, although free to say what she wishes in front of her father and Jane, is still feels the pressure of forced silence in regard to her family. Her familys senseless speech strays so far from acceptable discourse that she cringes when Darcy converses with them. She knows how ridiculous her mother and sisters are and wishes, if not for their silence, at least for sensible conversation that will show her family worthy of Darcys approval. Elizabeth wants their speech to conform to Darcys aristocratic wishes, like other speech that mi rror[s] or otherwise reassure[s] masculine desire (Johnson 37), and she feels consoled when Darcy meets the Gardiners and realizes that she had some relations for whom there was no need to blush (PP 193).But in an interesting twist, Elizabeth, in one of the freer moments with Darcy at the end of the novel, takes it upon herself to explain to Darcy why he fell in love with her. This situation is unique in that it is a moment at which the woman co-opts the mans opportunity to speak and uses it to show her desires. Elizabeths behavior in this situation is analogous to General Tilneys behavior with both Eleanor and Catherine. General Tilney commands Eleanor to speak [her] opinion, for ladies can best tell the taste of ladies (NA 139), and then he proceeds himself to explain the taste of ladies. Elizabeth asks Darcy to explain his attraction to her and, without waiting for a detailed response, explains it herself, ending with, There‹I have saved you the trouble of accounting for it; and really, all things considered, I begin to think it perfectly reasonable (PP 291). Like Collins and Crawford, Elizabeth interprets Darcys behavior to suit her needs. Darcy does, however, manage to exert some sort of power in the conversation by correcting Elizabeths claim that he liked her impertinence (PP 291). Darcy terms it the liveliness of [her] mind (PP 291), and while this is only a minor difference, it is still noteworthy as a moment of willful misunderstanding on Darcys part. Darcys correction makes Elizabeth sound more feminine. He alters her self-definition so that it coincides with the definition of acceptable female behavior, thus putting a positive spin on behavior that some people, such as the Bingley sisters, might object to. Darcy is one of only a few of Austens heroes who does not use discourse to influence and change the woman he loves. (Another exception is Edward Ferrars, but he lacks Darcys charisma‹Marianne notes that there is a something wan ting [SS 14]‹and his character is so unequal to Elinors that his power to change her, if any at all, would be minimal.) Darcy disapproves of Elizabeths family, but he does not disapprove of her personality, even if it includes her un-feminine loquaciousness. Edmund becomes disillusioned with Mary because he has been unable to change her, and his attraction to Fanny is a regard founded on the most endearing claims of innocence and helplessnessŠ her mind in so great a degree formed by his care, and her comfort depending on his kindness (MP 429). Fannys silence throughout the novel allows Edmund to form her speech into something to his liking; he teaches her, in effect, what she as a modest woman can and cannot say. This master-pupil relationship is at the heart of the majority of Austens relationships.Austens novels show ambivalence toward the respective roles of men and women. While Elizabeth is the charismatic heroine of her story, Mary, who shares many of her traits, is an anti-heroine. Mary cannot compete with Fannys model of female modesty, and she must suffer because of it. Despite Marys fate, Johnson argues that women still have the opportunity to speak their minds, even though they risk being reduced to a mirror to reaffirm both their subordination and the masculinity of the men to whom they are speaking (37). According to Johnson, even when their ability to speak is curtailed, women still have the right of refusal (36). However, Mr. Collins and Henry Crawford make (unsuccessful) attempts to deny Elizabeth and Fanny even that right. Circumstance saves both Elizabeth and Fanny from the two men‹Elizabeths in the form of Charlottes marriage to Collins and Fannys in the form of Crawfords elopement with Maria Bertram‹but there is a moment when both are in danger of becoming victims of the gendered rules of speech. Their adamant refusals are invalidated because Collins and Crawford choose to ignore their words. The womens speech becom es meaningless because it no longer serves as a medium of communication. Although there is no explicit repression of their speech, the willful misinterpretation is as effective as any physical repression could be. The consequences of this psychological repression can even be deadly: General Tilney, while he never physically harmed his wife, still killed her by quelling her voice and vitality (Johnson 40). Even in death the wife cannot escape General Tilneys control, for he has the power to shape her public memory. This is the ultimate submission of a woman to the male control of discourse‹a chilling portrait of womens fate if men are successful in maintaining that control. Johnson, Claudia L. Jane Austen: Women, Politics, and the Novel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Service Learning Project At Ferris State University

Service Learning Synthesis Paper Stacie Valley Ferris State University Abstract A Service Learning project is one of the project requirements to complete the Bachelors of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree through Ferris State University (FSU). My Service Learning experience was completed at the VA Medical Center (VAMC) in November, 2014. This paper includes details of the facility along with the contact information for the coordinator of the project. A description of my role as a volunteer, critical reflection of my experience, and a synthesis of the Service Learning are also included. Service Learning Project A required section of the Registered Nurse (RN) to Bachelors of Science in Nursing (BSN) program at Ferris State University†¦show more content†¦Lutz VA Medical Center (VAMC) in Saginaw, Michigan. VAMC in Saginaw is a federal hospital servicing the men and women who so proudly served our nation, their services extend out to the Central and Northern thirty-five counties of Michigan’s Lower Peninsula. The mission statement for the VAMC is to fulfill President Lincoln s promise â€Å"To care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan† by serving and honoring the men and women who are America’s veterans (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2014). The Veterans Health Administration is home to the United States’ largest integrated health care system consisting of 150 medical centers, nearly 1,400 community-based outpatient clinics, community living centers, Vet Centers and Domiciliary. Together these health care facilities and the more than 53,000 independent licensed health care practitioners who work within them provide comprehensive care to more than 8.3 million Veterans each year. VHA Medical Centers provide a wide range of services including traditional hospital-based services such as surgery, critical care, mental health, orthopedics, pharmacy, radiology and physical therapy. In addition, most of the medical centers offer additional medical and surgical specialty services including audiology speech pathology, dermatology, dental, geriatrics, neurology, oncology, podiatry, prosthetics, urology, and vision

Alternative Energy Essay - 1313 Words

Every day, many fossil fuel consuming contraptions spew out gases that pollute the environment. However, when the fuel supplies for these devices run out, they will grind to a halt. To prevent this, the United States needs to find an alternative to unstable and polluting energy sources before it’s too late (Rouge). It also needs to advance in technological status in order to stay above advancing third-world countries, and retain its current level of hegemony (Glaser). Space Based Solar Power Satellites, which are satellites that collect the sun’s energy and beam it down to the Earth, solve for all these concerns (Rouge). Thus, the United States Federal Government should provide grants for research, development, and implementation of Space†¦show more content†¦In other words, even though other energy sources could solve the energy crisis, none boast the advantages and flexibility that Space Based Solar Power can provide. For example, Solar Power Satellites are e xtremely useful to the military, as they are capable of beaming energy down to any location on the world, and are able to support military operations all over the world. People may argue that the United States does not have the technology to develop Space Based Solar Power, and that it will never get into space (Mankins). However, the technology required is already available. According to Rouge, â€Å"Space Based Solar Power is a complex engineering challenge, but [it] requires no fundamental scientific breakthroughs or new physics to become a reality (Rouge).† If the United States is to prepare for a future energy crisis, it must act now and begin development on Space Based Solar Power. The United States is currently the most powerful nation in the world due to its economy and technological dominance, but may not stay in that position for much longer if the United States doesn’t substantially increase the money being spent for research and development of new technologies. Every year, more and more countries pour money into research, and they begin to develop technology that rivals that of the United States, which reduces the United States’ technologicalShow MoreRelatedAlternative Energy1688 Words   |  7 PagesAre alternative energy sources the answer to ending human dependence on oil? September 24, 2012 Are alternative energy sources the answer to ending human dependence on oil? Right now there is no one substitute for oil because we use it for a variety of things. We can use alternative sources in areas to preserve or conserve our usage of oil. We use to use wood for fires and light. 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Can alternative (reusable) energy sources such as nuclear, hydrogen, biofuels or solar energy meet the energy demands needed by humans to carry out their everyday tasks such as electricity, commuting, and so on better than fossil fuels such as coal and oil which creates a mast amount of energy today.Read MoreAlternative Energy : Alternative Fuels2099 Words   |  9 PagesAlternative Energy If America makes the change to renewable fuels, it could take hundreds of years to undo the indirect damage that will be triggered. The amount of pollution that would be emitted by harvesting new fuels is as devastating as not switching at all (Grunwald). The processes for acquiring these alternatives create pollution that will destroy our environment. It is counterproductive to use renewable energy, if it does not enhance the current situation. 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Corporate Authority Dealings With Officers -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Corporate Authority Dealings With Officers? Answer: Introducation Although a company is a legal person[1], it is an entity that is abstract in form and its capacity to contract can only be through natural persons actions.[2] By virtue of section 126 of the Corporations Act[3], a company possesses the power to enter into contracts through the agency of persons who are acting upon either the implied or express authority of the company. Accounting, contracts are only binding upon a company if they are entered into by agents who have the companys authority. Normally, parties to such contracts would seek to escape from liabilities that arise from the same. Therefore, it is important to establish that the persons acting as agents have ostensible or actual authority from the company for the contracts to be binding. The organic theory of company law largely governs these kinds of scenarios, which lie beyond the ambit of agency law. However, they draw from agency law. Michelle and Tim both sign a contract for the purchase of a motorbike with Michelle as director and Tim as company secretary. Michelle wants to opt out of the contract. The issue is whether the contract is binding upon Motorbikes Pty Limited. In most of the companies with multiple directors, the companies constitutions will confer upon the board of directors (collectively) with management powers. The actions of a single director with outsiders will usually not be binding on the company as he lacks implied actual authority.[4] By virtue of a mandatory rule contained in section 198E (1) of the Corporations Act, a proprietary company that has a single director or shareholder is conferred with all of that companys powers. The companys constitution can limit such sole directors actual authority where he is not the sole shareholder. This actual authority is lessened despite the wide powers conferred by section 198A. However, the individual director may possess implied authority to do what a sole director normally does in such a situation. The result is that the implied authority of such a sole director may be wider than their actual authority.[5] The authoritative pronunciation in the Panorama Developments case was that company secretaries are not merely clerks any longer but are considered to be companies officers with extensive responsibilities and duties.[6] In that case, chief administrative officer was the new term that was used to refer to company secretaries. Their authority is implied and they can represent the company in certain matters such as entering into contracts involving internal administration but not management of the companys daily business. In the celebrated case of Northside Developments Pty Ltd v Registrar-General, the Honourable Court held that the company secretarys position is conferred with implied actual authority. Such authority is for countersigning the affixed seal of the company and witnessing the fixation of the common seal. Motorbikes Pty Ltd is a proprietary company that has a single director, Michelle, who is the sole director, and a company secretary, Tim. The law confers upon Michelle as sole director all the powers of the company. Such power includes entering into contracts with outsiders. Tim, as company secretary, is also clothed with ample powers to sign contracts on behalf of the company under the law. The contract signed by Michelle and Tim on behalf of Motorbikes Pty Ltd for the purchase of a Motorbike is therefore binding upon the company. Gerard, who is listed as the director of Cakes Pty Ltd, signs, witnesses and stamps with the company seal a contract to buy a cake shop from George. Sylvia is the other witness to this transaction. George wants to back out of the transaction and the issue is whether he is bound by the contract. Section 129 (6) provides for the execution of documents with the company seal. It provides that an assumption may be made that a company duly executed a document if the common seal appears to have been affixed and the witnessing done according to the provisions of section 127 (2). This was the holding in the Belven case where the court held that the common seal must appear to be fixed.[7] For the assumption to be applicable, an outsider only needs to rely on the fact that the document was signed by the company officers. This was the holding in the MYT Engineering case.[8] In that case, the consent of the company was evidenced by the signature of the directors. In the case of re Efrons Tie Knitting Mills Pty Ltd[9] and in Mancini v Mancini[10], the Court held that a director of a company cannot attest to the taxation of a document in two different capacities. This holding as read with section 127 (2) requires two different directors to physically witness the signing of the seal. Howe ver, even where an outsider is aware that the companys constitution was not complied with during the affixing of the seal, he can still make an assumption that the sealing was done accordingly.[11] This was the position in the celebrated deciding of Equiticorp Finance Ltd v Bank of New Zealand.[12] With regard to the time of acknowledging an outsiders knowledge, it is at the time he enters in the contract.[13] The general rule is that a Principal is not bound by a contract in which an agent without authority entered as such a contract is absolutely void.[14] The Corporations Act makes provision for outsiders who correctly identify the officers of a company but incorrectly attribute their authority to transact. Sections 129 (2) and (3) provide for statutory assumptions where an outsider may assume that company officers who hold out as such or who are identified from the public record, have the implied authority that the position carries and are duly appointed. Section 201M further provides that mere defective appointments do not invalidate the acts of company officers. For outsiders dealing with officers, sections 198A and 198C are replaceable rules that confer actual authority to those officers. The company constitution also has a similar effect. It is important to note that by virtue of the Common Law doctrine of Constructive Notice, an outsider is expected to have knowledge of the compan ys constitution. The implication is that the outsider is deemed to have knowledge of any express limitations on the authority of company officers. Although this rule operated against outsiders dealing with companies, the rule in Turquands case provides outsiders acting in good faith with protections in presuming that a company acted within the powers of its constitution without inquiring into the internal management.[15] In some instances, even after reading the constitution of a company, it may not be apparent to an outsider whether an officer of a company operated within his authority. Section 127 (4) provides that section 127 does not limit the manner in which a company executes a document. The general rule is that where a director acts beyond the scope of the interests of the company, their authority of binding the company is affected.[16] The exception is where an outsider had knowledge of the fiduciary breach. Where an outsider knows the breach, then the effects of voidable contracts cannot be escaped even with assumptions of due execution. Since the contract was signed by Gerard the director and witnessed by Sylvia who was neither the director nor company secretary, George ought to have had knowledge of this fact. Provided that Gerard signed and witnessed the contract and Sylvia also witnessed, she held out as a person in authority. Hence, the contract is binding and George cannot opt out. References Belven Enterprises Pty Ltd v Lydham Pty Ltd (1996) 14 ACLC 1478 Brick and Pipe Industries Ltd v Occidental Life Nominees Pty Ltd (1991) 6 ACSR 464 at 476 Brick and Pipe Industries Ltd v Occidental Life Nominees Pty Ltd (1992) 10 ACLC 253 Equiticorp Finance Ltd v Bank of New Zealand (1993) 11 ACLC 952 Mancini v Mancini (1999) 17 ACLC 1570 MYT Engineering Pty Ltd v Mulcon Pty Ltd (1999) 17 ACLC 861, 864 National Australia Bank v Sparrow Green Pty Ltd (1999) 17 ACLC 1,665 Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd [1971] 2 QB 711 Re Efrons Tie Knitting Mills Pty Ltd [1932] VLR 8, 23 Rolled Steel Products (Holdings) Ltd v British Steel Corporation [1986] 1 Ch 246 Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) 6 EB 327; 119 ER 886 Salomon v Salomon and Company Statutes The Corporations Act 2001, (Cth) Australia Books and Journals Baxter, C Ultra Vires and Agency Untwined (1970) vol. 28 Cambridge Law Journal 280 Ford H, Ford's Principles of Corporations Law, 10th ed (Australia: Butterworths 2001) Larelle Chapple and Phillip Lipton, Corporate Authority and Dealings with Officers and Agents, (Australia: CCH Australia Limited 2002) [1] Salomon v Salomon and Company [2] Larelle Chapple and Phillip Lipton, Corporate Authority and Dealings with Officers and Agents, (Australia: CCH Australia Limited 2002), p.1. [3] The Corporations Act 2001, (Cth) Australia. [4] See Brick and Pipe Industries Ltd v Occidental Life Management Pty Ltd (1991) 6 ACSR 464 at 476. [5] Ford H, Ford's Principles of Corporations Law, 10th ed (Australia: Butterworths 2001), p.658. [6] Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd [1971] 2 QB 711. [7] Belven Enterprises Pty Ltd v Lydham Pty Ltd (1996) 14 ACLC 1478. [8] MYT Engineering Pty Ltd v Mulcon Pty Ltd (1999) 17 ACLC 861, 864.